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Apocopation
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In phonology, apocope (/əˈpɒkəpi/) is the omission (elision) or loss of a sound or sounds at the end of a word. While it most commonly refers to the loss of a final vowel, it can also describe the deletion of final consonants or even entire syllables.
For instance, in many dialects the 't' in words like 'hot' remains unpronounced in contexts like 'hot potato'. Even longer words, such as 'Worcestershire', can undergo apocope, resulting in 'Worcester'.
The resulting word form after apocope has occurred is called an apocopation.
Etymology
Apocope comes from the Greek ἀποκοπή (apokopḗ) from ἀποκόπτειν (apokóptein) "cutting off", from ἀπο- (apo-) "away from" and κόπτειν (kóptein) "to cut".
Historical sound change
In historical linguistics, apocope is often the loss of an unstressed vowel.
Loss of an unstressed vowel or vowel and nasal
- Latin mare → Portuguese mar (sea)
- Vulgar Latin panem → Spanish pan (bread)
- Vulgar Latin lupum → French loup (wolf)
- Proto-Germanic *landą → Old, Middle, and Modern English land
- Old English lufu → Modern English love (noun)
- Old English lufian → Modern English love (verb)
- The loss of a final unstressed vowel is a feature of southern dialects of Māori in comparison to standard Māori, for example the term kainga (village) is rendered in southern Māori as kaik. A similar feature is seen in the Gallo-Italic languages.
Loss of other sounds
- Non-rhotic English accents, including British Received Pronunciation, suppress the final r in each syllable (except when it is followed by a vowel). (In most accents, the suppressed r lengthens or modifies the preceding vowel.)
- French pronunciation suppresses the final consonant of most words (but it is normally pronounced as a liaison at the beginning of the following word in the sentence if the latter word begins with a vowel or with an unaspirated 'h').
Case marker
In Estonian and the Sami languages, apocopes explain the forms of grammatical cases. For example, a nominative is described as having apocope of the final vowel, but the genitive does not have it. Throughout its history, however, the genitive case marker has also undergone apocope: Estonian linn ("a city") and linna ("of a city") are derived from linna and linnan respectively, as can still be seen in the corresponding Finnish word.
In the genitive form, the final /n/, while it was being deleted, blocked the loss of /a/. In Colloquial Finnish, the final vowel is sometimes omitted from case markers.
Grammatical rule
Some languages have apocopations that are internalized as mandatory forms. In Spanish and Italian, for example, some adjectives that come before the noun lose the final vowel or syllable if they precede a noun (mainly) in the masculine singular form. In Spanish, some adverbs and cardinal and ordinal numbers have apocopations as well.
- Adjectives
- grande ("big, great") → gran → gran mujer (feminine) ("great woman". However, if the adjective follows the noun, the final syllable remains, but the meaning may also change: mujer grande, meaning "large woman")
- bueno ("good") → buen → buen hombre (masculine) ("good man"; the final vowel remains in hombre bueno, with no accompanying change in meaning)
- Adverbs
- tanto ("so much") → tan ("so") → tan hermoso ("so beautiful")
- Cardinal numbers
- uno ("one, a, an") → un → un niño ("a child")
- ciento ("hundred") → cien → Cien años de soledad ("One hundred years of solitude")
- Ordinal numbers
- primero ("first") → primer → primer premio ("first prize")
- segundo ("second, according to") → segund ("according to") → según → El evangelio según ("The Gospel according to")
- tercero ("third") → tercer → tercer lugar ("third place")
- postrero ("final") → postrer → postrer día ("final day")
See also
- Abbreviation
- Acronym and initialism
- Apheresis (linguistics)
- Clipping (morphology)
- Contraction (grammar)
- Elision
- Syncope (phonetics)
References
- "Apocope". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on December 5, 2021.[dead link]
- "Apocope". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
- Campbell, Lyle (2007). Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7486-3019-6.
- Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
External links
- World Wide Words: Apocope
Author: www.NiNa.Az
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Apocope news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message In phonology apocope e ˈ p ɒ k e p i is the omission elision or loss of a sound or sounds at the end of a word While it most commonly refers to the loss of a final vowel it can also describe the deletion of final consonants or even entire syllables For instance in many dialects the t in words like hot remains unpronounced in contexts like hot potato Even longer words such as Worcestershire can undergo apocope resulting in Worcester The resulting word form after apocope has occurred is called an apocopation EtymologyApocope comes from the Greek ἀpokoph apokopḗ from ἀpokoptein apokoptein cutting off from ἀpo apo away from and koptein koptein to cut Historical sound changeIn historical linguistics apocope is often the loss of an unstressed vowel Loss of an unstressed vowel or vowel and nasal Latin mare Portuguese mar sea Vulgar Latin panem Spanish pan bread Vulgar Latin lupum French loup wolf Proto Germanic landa Old Middle and Modern English land Old English lufu Modern English love noun Old English lufian Modern English love verb The loss of a final unstressed vowel is a feature of southern dialects of Maori in comparison to standard Maori for example the term kainga village is rendered in southern Maori as kaik A similar feature is seen in the Gallo Italic languages Loss of other sounds Non rhotic English accents including British Received Pronunciation suppress the final r in each syllable except when it is followed by a vowel In most accents the suppressed r lengthens or modifies the preceding vowel French pronunciation suppresses the final consonant of most words but it is normally pronounced as a liaison at the beginning of the following word in the sentence if the latter word begins with a vowel or with an unaspirated h Case marker In Estonian and the Sami languages apocopes explain the forms of grammatical cases For example a nominative is described as having apocope of the final vowel but the genitive does not have it Throughout its history however the genitive case marker has also undergone apocope Estonian linn a city and linna of a city are derived from linna and linnan respectively as can still be seen in the corresponding Finnish word In the genitive form the final n while it was being deleted blocked the loss of a In Colloquial Finnish the final vowel is sometimes omitted from case markers Grammatical ruleSome languages have apocopations that are internalized as mandatory forms In Spanish and Italian for example some adjectives that come before the noun lose the final vowel or syllable if they precede a noun mainly in the masculine singular form In Spanish some adverbs and cardinal and ordinal numbers have apocopations as well Adjectives grande big great gran gran mujer feminine great woman However if the adjective follows the noun the final syllable remains but the meaning may also change mujer grande meaning large woman bueno good buen buen hombre masculine good man the final vowel remains in hombre bueno with no accompanying change in meaning Adverbs tanto so much tan so tan hermoso so beautiful Cardinal numbers uno one a an un un nino a child ciento hundred cien Cien anos de soledad One hundred years of solitude Ordinal numbers primero first primer primer premio first prize segundo second according to segund according to segun El evangelio segun The Gospel according to tercero third tercer tercer lugar third place postrero final postrer postrer dia final day See alsoAbbreviation Acronym and initialism Apheresis linguistics Clipping morphology Contraction grammar Elision Syncope phonetics References Apocope Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on December 5 2021 dead link Apocope Merriam Webster com Dictionary Merriam Webster Retrieved 2016 01 21 Campbell Lyle 2007 Glossary of Historical Linguistics Edinburgh University Press p 13 ISBN 978 0 7486 3019 6 Crowley Terry 1997 An Introduction to Historical Linguistics 3rd edition Oxford University Press External linksLook up apocope in Wiktionary the free dictionary World Wide Words Apocope