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Epimedium also known as barrenwort bishop s hat fairy wings horny goat weed or yin yang huo Chinese 淫羊藿 pinyin Yínyánghù
Barrenwort
Epimedium, also known as barrenwort, bishop's hat, fairy wings, horny goat weed, or yin yang huo (Chinese: 淫羊藿; pinyin: Yínyánghùo; Wade–Giles: Yin²-yang²-huo⁴), is a genus of flowering plants in the family Berberidaceae. The majority of the species are endemic to China, with smaller numbers elsewhere in Asia, and a few in the Mediterranean region.
| Epimedium | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Berberidaceae |
| Genus: | Epimedium L. |
| Type species | |
| Epimedium alpinum L. | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
| Epimedium | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 淫羊藿 | ||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "lascivious goat huo" | ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
Epimedium species are deciduous or evergreen hardy perennials. The majority have four-parted "spider-like" flowers in spring.
The species used as a dietary supplement is Epimedium grandiflorum. It contains icariin, which is a weak PDE5 inhibitor, in vitro. Its clinical effects are unknown. While there is little clinical evidence to date, as sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil – sold under the brand names Viagra, Levitra and Cialis – are all based on (stronger) PDE5 inhibitory action, it is thought to have erectogenic properties and is found in some men's sexual health supplements.
Description
Species of Epimedium are herbaceous perennials, growing from an underground rhizome. Their growth habits are somewhat variable. Some have solitary stems, others have a "tufted" habit, with multiple stems growing close together. There may be several leaves to a stem or the leaves may be solitary, produced from the base of the plant. Individual leaves are generally compound, often with three leaflets, but also with more. Leaflets usually have spiny margins. The leaves may be annual, making the plant deciduous, or longer lasting, so that the plant is evergreen. The inflorescence is an open raceme or panicle, the number of flowers varying by species.
Individual flowers have parts in fours. There are four smaller outer sepals, usually greenish and shed when the flower opens. Moving inwards, these are followed by four larger petal-like inner sepals, often brightly coloured. Inside the sepals are four true petals. These may be small and flat, but often have a complex shape including a nectar-producing "spur" that may be longer than the sepals. There are four stamens.
One of the common names for the genus, bishop's hat, arises from the shape of the flowers, particularly where the spurs are longer than the sepals.[citation needed]
Taxonomy
The genus was given its name by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, in describing the European species E. alpinum. The name is a Latinized version of a Greek name for an unidentifiable plant, epimedion, that is mentioned in Pliny's Natural History (xxvii.57). The meaning of the original name is unclear.
- Accepted species (65)
- Epimedium acuminatum
- Epimedium alpinum
- Epimedium chlorandrum
- Epimedium fargesii
- Epimedium franchetii
- Epimedium grandiflorum
- Epimedium pinnatum
- Epimedium pubigerum
- Epimedium sagittatum
- Epimedium wushanense
Hybrids
Some artificial hybrids are cultivated in gardens. These include:
- Stearn, hybrid between E. alpinum and E. pubigerum
- Stearn, hybrid between E. perralderianum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
- E. × rubrum Morr., hybrid between E. alpinum and E. grandiflorum
- Morr., hybrid between E. grandiflorum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
- Stearn, hybrid between E. alpinum and E. pinnatum subsp. colchicum
- Fisch & C.A.Mey, hybrid between E. diphyllum and E. grandiflorum
Cultivation
Some varieties and hybrids have been in Western cultivation for the last 100 to 150 years. There is now a wide array of new Chinese species being cultivated in the West, many of which have only recently been discovered, and some of which have yet to be named. There are also many older Japanese hybrids and forms, extending the boundaries of the genus in cultivation. The majority of the Chinese species have not been fully tested for hardiness nor indeed for any other aspect of their culture. The initial assumption that the plants would only thrive where their native conditions could be closely replicated have proven to be overly cautious, as most varieties are proving extraordinarily amenable to general garden and container cultivation.
The cultivar 'Amber Queen' is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Propagation
While they can be successfully propagated in early spring, epimediums are best divided in late summer, with the aim of promoting rapid re-growth of roots and shoots before the onset of winter. Several breeders (in particular Darrell Diano Probst, Tim Branney & Robin White) have also undertaken their own hybridization programmes with the genus. Various new nursery selections are gradually appearing in the horticulture trade, the best of which extend the colour and shape range of the flowers available to the gardener.
Chemistry
Epimedium wushanense contains a number of flavonoids. 37 compounds were characterized from the underground and aerial parts of the plant. Among them, 28 compounds were prenylflavonoids. The predominant flavonoid, , ranged from 1.4 to 5.1% in aerial parts and 1.0 to 2.8% in underground parts.
Citations
- "IPNI Plant Name Query Results for Epimedium". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
- Ying, Junsheng; Boufford, David E. (es) [in Spanish] & Brach, Anthony R. (1994). "Epimedium". In Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.). Flora of China (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
- Shindel, Alan W.; Xin, Zhong-Chen; Lin, Guiting; Fandel, Thomas M.; Huang, Yun-Ching; Banie, Lia; Breyer, Benjamin N.; Garcia, Maurice M.; Lin, Ching-Shwun; Lue, Tom F. (April 2010). "Erectogenic and Neurotrophic Effects of Icariin, a Purified Extract of Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium spp.) In Vitro and In Vivo". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 7 (4 Pt 1): 1518–1528. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01699.x. ISSN 1743-6095. PMC 3551978. PMID 20141584.
- Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 117 in Latin
- Johnson, A.T.; Smith, H.A. & Stockdale, A.P. (2019), Plant Names Simplified : Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning, Sheffield, Yorkshire: 5M Publishing, ISBN 9781910455067, p. 55
- The Plant List 2013.
- Beckett, K., ed. (1993). "Epimedium". Encyclopaedia of Alpines : Volume 1 (A–K). Pershore, UK: AGS Publications. ISBN 978-0-900048-61-6. pp. 437–441.
- "Epimedium 'Amber Queen'". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- Li HF, Guan XY, Ye M, Xiang C, Lin CH, Sun C, Guo DA.,"Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Epimedium wushanense by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry." J Sep Sci. 2011 May 10;
General and cited references
- Stearn, William Thomas (November 1938). "Epimedium and Vancouveria (Berberidaceae), a monograph". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 51 (340): 409–535. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1937.tb01914.x.
- Stearn, William T. (2002) [1938]. Green, Peter Shaw; Mathew, Brian (eds.). The genus Epimedium and other herbaceous Berberidaceae. (including the genus podophyllum by Julian Shaw, illustrations by Christabel King) (Revised ed.). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 9781842460399.
- Avent, Tony (March 2010). "An overview of Epimedium". The Plantsman: 10–17. Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
- "Epimedium". The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
External links
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Data related to Epimedium at Wikispecies
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Epimedium also known as barrenwort bishop s hat fairy wings horny goat weed or yin yang huo Chinese 淫羊藿 pinyin Yinyanghuo Wade Giles Yin yang huo is a genus of flowering plants in the family Berberidaceae The majority of the species are endemic to China with smaller numbers elsewhere in Asia and a few in the Mediterranean region EpimediumScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder RanunculalesFamily BerberidaceaeGenus Epimedium L Type speciesEpimedium alpinum L SynonymsAceranthus C Morren amp Decaisne Vindicta RafinesqueEpimediumChinese淫羊藿Literal meaning lascivious goat huo TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyinyin yang huoIPA i n ja ŋ xwo Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationYahm yeuhng fokJyutpingJam4 joeng4 fok3IPA jɐm jœŋ fɔk Epimedium species are deciduous or evergreen hardy perennials The majority have four parted spider like flowers in spring The species used as a dietary supplement is Epimedium grandiflorum It contains icariin which is a weak PDE5 inhibitor in vitro Its clinical effects are unknown While there is little clinical evidence to date as sildenafil vardenafil and tadalafil sold under the brand names Viagra Levitra and Cialis are all based on stronger PDE5 inhibitory action it is thought to have erectogenic properties and is found in some men s sexual health supplements DescriptionEpimedium alpinum flower note the spurs almost as long as the sepalsLabelled flowers of E perralchicum Frohnleiten E perralchicum Frohnleiten in Conservatoire botanique national de Brest spring 2025 Species of Epimedium are herbaceous perennials growing from an underground rhizome Their growth habits are somewhat variable Some have solitary stems others have a tufted habit with multiple stems growing close together There may be several leaves to a stem or the leaves may be solitary produced from the base of the plant Individual leaves are generally compound often with three leaflets but also with more Leaflets usually have spiny margins The leaves may be annual making the plant deciduous or longer lasting so that the plant is evergreen The inflorescence is an open raceme or panicle the number of flowers varying by species Individual flowers have parts in fours There are four smaller outer sepals usually greenish and shed when the flower opens Moving inwards these are followed by four larger petal like inner sepals often brightly coloured Inside the sepals are four true petals These may be small and flat but often have a complex shape including a nectar producing spur that may be longer than the sepals There are four stamens One of the common names for the genus bishop s hat arises from the shape of the flowers particularly where the spurs are longer than the sepals citation needed TaxonomyThe genus was given its name by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in describing the European species E alpinum The name is a Latinized version of a Greek name for an unidentifiable plant epimedion that is mentioned in Pliny s Natural History xxvii 57 The meaning of the original name is unclear Accepted species 65 Epimedium acuminatum Epimedium alpinum Epimedium chlorandrum Epimedium fargesii Epimedium franchetii Epimedium grandiflorum Epimedium pinnatum Epimedium pubigerum Epimedium sagittatum Epimedium wushanense Hybrids Epimedium versicolor Some artificial hybrids are cultivated in gardens These include Stearn hybrid between E alpinum and E pubigerum Stearn hybrid between E perralderianum and E pinnatum subsp colchicum E rubrum Morr hybrid between E alpinum and E grandiflorum Morr hybrid between E grandiflorum and E pinnatum subsp colchicum Stearn hybrid between E alpinum and E pinnatum subsp colchicum Fisch amp C A Mey hybrid between E diphyllum and E grandiflorumCultivationSome varieties and hybrids have been in Western cultivation for the last 100 to 150 years There is now a wide array of new Chinese species being cultivated in the West many of which have only recently been discovered and some of which have yet to be named There are also many older Japanese hybrids and forms extending the boundaries of the genus in cultivation The majority of the Chinese species have not been fully tested for hardiness nor indeed for any other aspect of their culture The initial assumption that the plants would only thrive where their native conditions could be closely replicated have proven to be overly cautious as most varieties are proving extraordinarily amenable to general garden and container cultivation The cultivar Amber Queen is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit Propagation While they can be successfully propagated in early spring epimediums are best divided in late summer with the aim of promoting rapid re growth of roots and shoots before the onset of winter Several breeders in particular Darrell Diano Probst Tim Branney amp Robin White have also undertaken their own hybridization programmes with the genus Various new nursery selections are gradually appearing in the horticulture trade the best of which extend the colour and shape range of the flowers available to the gardener ChemistryEpimedium wushanense contains a number of flavonoids 37 compounds were characterized from the underground and aerial parts of the plant Among them 28 compounds were prenylflavonoids The predominant flavonoid ranged from 1 4 to 5 1 in aerial parts and 1 0 to 2 8 in underground parts Citations IPNI Plant Name Query Results for Epimedium The International Plant Names Index Retrieved 2013 05 11 Ying Junsheng Boufford David E es in Spanish amp Brach Anthony R 1994 Epimedium In Wu Zhengyi Raven Peter H amp Hong Deyuan eds Flora of China online eFloras org Retrieved 2013 05 11 Shindel Alan W Xin Zhong Chen Lin Guiting Fandel Thomas M Huang Yun Ching Banie Lia Breyer Benjamin N Garcia Maurice M Lin Ching Shwun Lue Tom F April 2010 Erectogenic and Neurotrophic Effects of Icariin a Purified Extract of Horny Goat Weed Epimedium spp In Vitro and In Vivo The Journal of Sexual Medicine 7 4 Pt 1 1518 1528 doi 10 1111 j 1743 6109 2009 01699 x ISSN 1743 6095 PMC 3551978 PMID 20141584 Linnaeus Carl von 1753 Species Plantarum 1 117 in Latin Johnson A T Smith H A amp Stockdale A P 2019 Plant Names Simplified Their Pronunciation Derivation amp Meaning Sheffield Yorkshire 5M Publishing ISBN 9781910455067 p 55 The Plant List 2013 Beckett K ed 1993 Epimedium Encyclopaedia of Alpines Volume 1 A K Pershore UK AGS Publications ISBN 978 0 900048 61 6 pp 437 441 Epimedium Amber Queen www rhs org Royal Horticultural Society Retrieved 7 June 2020 Li HF Guan XY Ye M Xiang C Lin CH Sun C Guo DA Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Epimedium wushanense by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry J Sep Sci 2011 May 10 General and cited referencesStearn William Thomas November 1938 Epimedium and Vancouveria Berberidaceae a monograph Journal of the Linnean Society of London Botany 51 340 409 535 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 1937 tb01914 x Stearn William T 2002 1938 Green Peter Shaw Mathew Brian eds The genus Epimedium and other herbaceous Berberidaceae including the genus podophyllum by Julian Shaw illustrations by Christabel King Revised ed Kew Royal Botanic Gardens ISBN 9781842460399 Avent Tony March 2010 An overview of Epimedium The Plantsman 10 17 Archived from the original on 2016 09 23 Retrieved 2016 09 22 Epimedium The Plant List 2013 Version 1 1 2013 Retrieved 20 December 2016 External linksMedia related to Epimedium at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Epimedium at Wikispecies