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Trovadorismo
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (August 2022) |
In the Middle Ages, the Galician-Portuguese lyric, also known as troubadorism, from trovadorismo in Portuguese and trobadorismo in Galician, was a lyric poetic school or movement. All told, there are around 1680 texts in the so-called secular lyric or lírica profana (see Cantigas de Santa Maria for the religious lyric). At the time Galician-Portuguese was the language used in nearly all of Iberia for lyric (as opposed to epic) poetry. From this language derives both modern Galician and Portuguese. The school, which was influenced to some extent (mainly in certain formal aspects) by the Occitan troubadours, is first documented at the end of the twelfth century and lasted until the middle of the fourteenth, with its zenith coming in the middle of the thirteenth century, centered on the person of Alfonso X, The Wise King. It is the earliest known poetic movement in Galicia or Portugal and represents not only the beginnings of but one of the high points of poetic history in both countries and in medieval Europe. Modern Galicia has seen a revival movement called neotrobadorismo.
The earliest extant composition in this school is usually agreed to be Ora faz ost' o senhor de Navarra by João Soares de Paiva, usually dated just before or after 1200. Traditionally, the end of the period of active trovadorismo is given as 1350, the date of the testament of D. Pedro, Count of Barcelos (natural son of King Dinis of Portugal), who left a Livro de Cantigas (songbook) to his nephew, Alfonso XI of Castile.
The troubadours of the movement, not to be confused with the Occitan troubadours (who frequented courts in nearby León and Castile), wrote almost entirely cantigas (although there were several kinds of cantiga) with, apparently, monophonic melodies (only fourteen melodies have survived, in the Pergaminho Vindel and the Pergaminho Sharrer, the latter badly damaged during restoration by Portuguese authorities). Their poetry was meant to be sung, but they emphatically distinguished themselves from the jograes who in principle sang, but did not compose (though there is much evidence to contradict this). It is not clear if troubadours performed their own work.
Beginning probably around the middle of the thirteenth century, the songs, known as cantares, cantigas or trovas, began to be compiled in collections known as cancioneiros (songbooks). Three such anthologies are known: the Cancioneiro da Ajuda, the Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti (or Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa), and the Cancioneiro da Vaticana. In addition to these there is the priceless collection of over 400 Galician-Portuguese cantigas in the Cantigas de Santa Maria, which tradition attributes to Alfonso X, in whose court (as nearly everywhere in the Peninsula) Galician-Portuguese was the only language for lyric poetry (except for visiting Occitan poets).
The Galician-Portuguese cantigas can be divided into three basic genres: male-voiced love poetry, called cantigas de amor (or cantigas d'amor) female-voiced love poetry, called cantigas de amigo (cantigas d'amigo); and poetry of insult and mockery called cantigas d'escarnho e de mal dizer. All three are lyric genres in the technical sense that they were strophic songs with either musical accompaniment or introduction on a stringed instrument. But all three genres also have dramatic elements, leading early scholars to characterize them as lyric-dramatic.
The origins of the cantigas d'amor are usually traced to Provençal and Old French lyric poetry, but formally and rhetorically they are quite different. The cantigas d'amigo are probably rooted in a native song tradition (Lang, 1894, Michaëlis 1904), though this view has been contested. The cantigas d'escarnho e maldizer may also (according to Lang) have deep local roots. The latter two genres (totalling around 900 texts) make the Galician-Portuguese lyric unique in the entire panorama of medieval Romance poetry.
References
Main manuscripts of the secular Galician-Portuguese lyric
- A = "Cancioneiro da Ajuda", Biblioteca do Palácio Real da Ajuda (Lisbon).
- B = Biblioteca Nacional (Lisbon), cod. 10991.
- N = Pierpont Morgan Library (New York), MS 979 (= PV).
- S = Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Capa do Cart. Not. de Lisboa, N.º 7-A, Caixa 1, Maço 1, Livro 3 (see Sharrer 1991).
- V = Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, cod. lat. 4803.
Basic bibliography
- Asensio, Eugenio. 1970. Poética e realidad en el cancionero peninsular de la Edad Media. 2nd ed. Madrid: Gredos.
- Cohen, Rip. 2003. 500 Cantigas d’Amigo, edição crítica/critical edition. Porto: Campo das Letras. https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/33843
- Ferreira, Manuel Pedro. 1986. O Som de Martin Codax. Sobre a dimensão musical da lírica galego-portuguesa (séculos XII-XIV). Lisbon: UNISYS/ Imprensa Nacional - Casa de Moeda.
- Ferreira, Manuel Pedro. 2005. Cantus Coronatus: 7 Cantigas d’El Rei Dom Dinis. Kassel: Reichenberger.
- Lanciani, Giulia and Giuseppe Tavani (edd.). 1993. Dicionário da Literatura Medieval Galega e Portuguesa. Lisbon: Caminho.
- Lanciani, Giulia, and Giuseppe Tavani. 1998. A cantiga de escarnho e maldizer, tr. Manuel G. Simões. Lisbon: Edições Colibri.
- Lang, Henry R. 1894. Das Liederbuch des Königs Denis von Portugal, zum ersten mal vollständig herausgegeben und mit Einleitung, Anmerkungen und Glossar versehen. Halle a.S.: Max Niemeyer (rpt. Hildesheim - New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1972).
- Lang, Henry R. "The Relations of the Earliest Portuguese Lyric School with the Troubadours and Trouvères." Modern Language Notes, Vol. 10, No. 4. (Apr., 1895), pp. 104–116.
- Lapa, Manuel Rodrigues. 1970. Cantigas d’escarnho e de mal dizer dos cancioneiros medievais galego-portugueses, edição crítica. 2nd ed. Vigo: Editorial Galaxia.
- Mettmann, Walter. 1959-72. Afonso X, o Sabio. Cantigas de Santa Maria. 4 vols. Coimbra: Por ordem da Universidade (rpt. Vigo: Ediçóns Xerais de Galicia, 1981).
- Michaëlis de Vasconcellos, Carolina. 1904. Cancioneiro da Ajuda, edição critica e commentada. 2 vols. Halle a.S.: Max Niemeyer (rpt. with Michaëlis 1920, Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional - Casa de Moeda, 1990).
- Michaëlis de Vasconcellos, Carolina. 1920. "Glossário do Cancioneiro da Ajuda". Revista Lusitana 23: 1-95.
- Nobiling, Oskar. 1907a. As Cantigas de D. Joan Garcia de Guilhade, Trovador do Seculo XIII, edição critica, com notas e introdução. Erlangen: Junge & Sohn (= Romanische Forschungen 25 [1908]: 641-719).
- Nunes, José Joaquim. 1926-28. Cantigas d’amigo dos trovadores galego-portugueses, edição crítica acompanhada de introdução, comentário, variantes, e glossário. 3 vols. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade (rpt. Lisbon: Centro do Livro Brasileiro, 1973).
- Nunes, José Joaquim . 1932. Cantigas d’amor dos trovadores galego-portugueses. Edição crítica acompanhada de introdução, comentário, variantes, e glossário. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade (rpt. Lisbon: Centro do Livro Brasileiro, 1972).
- Oliveira, António Resende de. 1994. Depois do Espectáculo Trovadoresco, a estrutura dos cancioneiros peninsulares e as recolhas dos séculos XIII e XIV. Lisbon: Edições Colibri.
- Pena, Xosé Ramón. 2002. "Historia da literatura medieval galego-portuguesa". Vigo: Edicións Xerais.
- Sharrer, Harvey L. "The Discovery of Seven cantigas d'amor by Dom Dinis with Musical Notation." Hispania, Vol. 74, No. 2. (May, 1991), pp. 459–461.
- Stegagno Picchio, Luciana. 1982. La Méthode philologique. Écrits sur la littérature portugaise. 2 vols. Paris: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Centro Cultural Português.
- Tavani, Giuseppe. 2002. Trovadores e Jograis: Introdução à poesia medieval galego-portuguesa. Lisbon: Caminho.
For further bibliography see Galician-Portuguese.
Other references used
- Barton, Simon. The Aristocracy in Twelfth-Century León and Castile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-49727-2.
- Rodrigues, Linda M. A. "On Originality, Courtly Love, and the Portuguese Cantigas." Luso-Brazilian Review, Vol. 27, No. 2. (Winter, 1990), pp. 95–107.
- Tolman, Earl Dennis. "Critical Analysis of a Cantiga d'Escarnho." Luso-Brazilian Review, Vol. 8, No. 2. (Winter, 1971), pp. 54–70.
See also
- List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours
- Cantiga de amigo
- Cantiga de amor
- Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer
External links
- Cantigas Medievais Galego-Portuguesas - FCSH compilation of Galician-Portuguese medieval lyric
- Cantigas de Santa Maria for singers - A complete compilation of the Cantigas de Santa Maria
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This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message In the Middle Ages the Galician Portuguese lyric also known as troubadorism from trovadorismo in Portuguese and trobadorismo in Galician was a lyric poetic school or movement All told there are around 1680 texts in the so called secular lyric or lirica profana see Cantigas de Santa Maria for the religious lyric At the time Galician Portuguese was the language used in nearly all of Iberia for lyric as opposed to epic poetry From this language derives both modern Galician and Portuguese The school which was influenced to some extent mainly in certain formal aspects by the Occitan troubadours is first documented at the end of the twelfth century and lasted until the middle of the fourteenth with its zenith coming in the middle of the thirteenth century centered on the person of Alfonso X The Wise King It is the earliest known poetic movement in Galicia or Portugal and represents not only the beginnings of but one of the high points of poetic history in both countries and in medieval Europe Modern Galicia has seen a revival movement called neotrobadorismo Symphonia de Cantiga from the Cantigas de Santa MariaA song of Martim Codax from the Pergaminho Vindel The earliest extant composition in this school is usually agreed to be Ora faz ost o senhor de Navarra by Joao Soares de Paiva usually dated just before or after 1200 Traditionally the end of the period of active trovadorismo is given as 1350 the date of the testament of D Pedro Count of Barcelos natural son of King Dinis of Portugal who left a Livro de Cantigas songbook to his nephew Alfonso XI of Castile The troubadours of the movement not to be confused with the Occitan troubadours who frequented courts in nearby Leon and Castile wrote almost entirely cantigas although there were several kinds of cantiga with apparently monophonic melodies only fourteen melodies have survived in the Pergaminho Vindel and the Pergaminho Sharrer the latter badly damaged during restoration by Portuguese authorities Their poetry was meant to be sung but they emphatically distinguished themselves from the jograes who in principle sang but did not compose though there is much evidence to contradict this It is not clear if troubadours performed their own work Beginning probably around the middle of the thirteenth century the songs known as cantares cantigas or trovas began to be compiled in collections known as cancioneiros songbooks Three such anthologies are known the Cancioneiro da Ajuda the Cancioneiro Colocci Brancuti or Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa and the Cancioneiro da Vaticana In addition to these there is the priceless collection of over 400 Galician Portuguese cantigas in the Cantigas de Santa Maria which tradition attributes to Alfonso X in whose court as nearly everywhere in the Peninsula Galician Portuguese was the only language for lyric poetry except for visiting Occitan poets The Galician Portuguese cantigas can be divided into three basic genres male voiced love poetry called cantigas de amor or cantigas d amor female voiced love poetry called cantigas de amigo cantigas d amigo and poetry of insult and mockery called cantigas d escarnho e de mal dizer All three are lyric genres in the technical sense that they were strophic songs with either musical accompaniment or introduction on a stringed instrument But all three genres also have dramatic elements leading early scholars to characterize them as lyric dramatic The origins of the cantigas d amor are usually traced to Provencal and Old French lyric poetry but formally and rhetorically they are quite different The cantigas d amigo are probably rooted in a native song tradition Lang 1894 Michaelis 1904 though this view has been contested The cantigas d escarnho e maldizer may also according to Lang have deep local roots The latter two genres totalling around 900 texts make the Galician Portuguese lyric unique in the entire panorama of medieval Romance poetry ReferencesMain manuscripts of the secular Galician Portuguese lyric A Cancioneiro da Ajuda Biblioteca do Palacio Real da Ajuda Lisbon B Biblioteca Nacional Lisbon cod 10991 N Pierpont Morgan Library New York MS 979 PV S Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo Capa do Cart Not de Lisboa N º 7 A Caixa 1 Maco 1 Livro 3 see Sharrer 1991 V Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana cod lat 4803 Basic bibliography Asensio Eugenio 1970 Poetica e realidad en el cancionero peninsular de la Edad Media 2nd ed Madrid Gredos Cohen Rip 2003 500 Cantigas d Amigo edicao critica critical edition Porto Campo das Letras https jscholarship library jhu edu handle 1774 2 33843 Ferreira Manuel Pedro 1986 O Som de Martin Codax Sobre a dimensao musical da lirica galego portuguesa seculos XII XIV Lisbon UNISYS Imprensa Nacional Casa de Moeda Ferreira Manuel Pedro 2005 Cantus Coronatus 7 Cantigas d El Rei Dom Dinis Kassel Reichenberger Lanciani Giulia and Giuseppe Tavani edd 1993 Dicionario da Literatura Medieval Galega e Portuguesa Lisbon Caminho Lanciani Giulia and Giuseppe Tavani 1998 A cantiga de escarnho e maldizer tr Manuel G Simoes Lisbon Edicoes Colibri Lang Henry R 1894 Das Liederbuch des Konigs Denis von Portugal zum ersten mal vollstandig herausgegeben und mit Einleitung Anmerkungen und Glossar versehen Halle a S Max Niemeyer rpt Hildesheim New York Georg Olms Verlag 1972 Lang Henry R The Relations of the Earliest Portuguese Lyric School with the Troubadours and Trouveres Modern Language Notes Vol 10 No 4 Apr 1895 pp 104 116 Lapa Manuel Rodrigues 1970 Cantigas d escarnho e de mal dizer dos cancioneiros medievais galego portugueses edicao critica 2nd ed Vigo Editorial Galaxia Mettmann Walter 1959 72 Afonso X o Sabio Cantigas de Santa Maria 4 vols Coimbra Por ordem da Universidade rpt Vigo Edicons Xerais de Galicia 1981 Michaelis de Vasconcellos Carolina 1904 Cancioneiro da Ajuda edicao critica e commentada 2 vols Halle a S Max Niemeyer rpt with Michaelis 1920 Lisboa Imprensa Nacional Casa de Moeda 1990 Michaelis de Vasconcellos Carolina 1920 Glossario do Cancioneiro da Ajuda Revista Lusitana 23 1 95 Nobiling Oskar 1907a As Cantigas de D Joan Garcia de Guilhade Trovador do Seculo XIII edicao critica com notas e introducao Erlangen Junge amp Sohn Romanische Forschungen 25 1908 641 719 Nunes Jose Joaquim 1926 28 Cantigas d amigo dos trovadores galego portugueses edicao critica acompanhada de introducao comentario variantes e glossario 3 vols Coimbra Imprensa da Universidade rpt Lisbon Centro do Livro Brasileiro 1973 Nunes Jose Joaquim 1932 Cantigas d amor dos trovadores galego portugueses Edicao critica acompanhada de introducao comentario variantes e glossario Coimbra Imprensa da Universidade rpt Lisbon Centro do Livro Brasileiro 1972 Oliveira Antonio Resende de 1994 Depois do Espectaculo Trovadoresco a estrutura dos cancioneiros peninsulares e as recolhas dos seculos XIII e XIV Lisbon Edicoes Colibri Pena Xose Ramon 2002 Historia da literatura medieval galego portuguesa Vigo Edicions Xerais Sharrer Harvey L The Discovery of Seven cantigas d amor by Dom Dinis with Musical Notation Hispania Vol 74 No 2 May 1991 pp 459 461 Stegagno Picchio Luciana 1982 La Methode philologique Ecrits sur la litterature portugaise 2 vols Paris Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian Centro Cultural Portugues Tavani Giuseppe 2002 Trovadores e Jograis Introducao a poesia medieval galego portuguesa Lisbon Caminho For further bibliography see Galician Portuguese Other references used Barton Simon The Aristocracy in Twelfth Century Leon and Castile Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1997 ISBN 0 521 49727 2 Rodrigues Linda M A On Originality Courtly Love and the Portuguese Cantigas Luso Brazilian Review Vol 27 No 2 Winter 1990 pp 95 107 Tolman Earl Dennis Critical Analysis of a Cantiga d Escarnho Luso Brazilian Review Vol 8 No 2 Winter 1971 pp 54 70 See alsoList of Galician Portuguese troubadours Cantiga de amigo Cantiga de amor Cantigas de escarnio e maldizerWikisource has original text related to this article TrovadorismoExternal linksCantigas Medievais Galego Portuguesas FCSH compilation of Galician Portuguese medieval lyric Cantigas de Santa Maria for singers A complete compilation of the Cantigas de Santa Maria