The Coraciiformes/kɒrəˈsaɪ.ɪfɔːrmiːz/ are a group of usually colourful birds including the kingfishers, the bee-eaters, the rollers, the motmots, and the todies. They generally have syndactyly, with three forward-pointing toes (and toes 3 & 4 fused at their base), though in many kingfishers one of these is missing.[citation needed] The members of this order are linked by their "slamming" behaviour, thrashing their prey onto surfaces to disarm or incapacitate them.
In the past, Coraciiformes encompassed all anisodactyl (including syndactyl) members of the Cavitaves. This means that the birds currently classified in Leptosomiformes (cuckoo-roller) and Bucerotiformes (hornbills, hoopoes and allies) were formerly classified in Coraciiformes.
This is largely an Old Worldorder, with the representation in the New World limited to the dozen or so species of todies and motmots, and a mere handful of the more than a hundred species of kingfishers.
The name Coraciiformes means "raven-like". Specifically, it comes from the Latin language "corax", meaning "raven" and Latin "forma", meaning "form".
Systematics
The phylogenetic relationships between the six families in the order Coraciiformes is shown below. The cladogram is based on a large study by Richard Prum and colleagues published in 2015. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela C. Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).
Several extinct coraciiform families are only known from Paleogenefossils. They probably belong to the basal group and are sometimes difficult to assign because they were even closer still to the Piciformes (see alsoNeanis). In addition, there are some prehistoric genera which are likewise difficult to place into a family. At least the Eocoraciidae are very basal, but the Late Eocene (some 35 mya) form a superfamily with the extant rollers and ground-rollers already (Mayr & Mourer-Chauviré 2000). A few prehistoric taxa of the present-day families have been described; see the family articles for details.
Taxonomic sequence
Protornis, a fossil coraciiform from the Oligocene of SwitzerlandUnresolved
Genus (fossil; Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany) - alcediniform, basal?
Genus (fossil; Late Eocene of France) – bucerotid? geranopterid?
Family (fossil), including Primobucco and Septencoracias
Coraciiformes gen. et spp. indet. PQ 1216, QU 15640 (fossil; Late Eocene of Quercy, France: Mayr & Mourer-Chauviré 2000)
Genus Protornis (fossil: Oligocene of Switzerland) – basal to motmotids and meropids?
A recent study suggest that the following families may belong to a separate order called Bucerotiformes. The results still in dispute though.
Family Bucorvidae (ground hornbills)
Family Bucerotidae (hornbills)
Family Upupidae (hoopoe)
Family Phoeniculidae (woodhoopoes)
The Leptosomidae (cuckoo roller) probably do not belong here. The trogons are sometimes placed here as a family Trogonidae. The Late Eocene are sometimes also placed in the Coraciiformes, as are the Early to Middle Eocene and the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene . The Primobucconidae at least indeed seem to belong here.
Basal group
Family Eocoraciidae (fossil; Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany)
Family (fossil; Late Eocene of Quercy, France – Early Miocene of Czech Republic) - includes "Nupharanassa" bohemica
"Coraciiformes". Britannica. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
Clements, J. F.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Roberson, D.; Fredericks, T. A.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. (2014). "The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9". Archived from the original on December 17, 2014.
Terres, John K. (1980). The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds (1st ed.). New York: A. A. Knopf. p. 104. ISBN0-394-46651-9.
Prum, R.O.; Berv, J.S.; Dornburg, A.; Field, D.J.; Townsend, J.P.; Lemmon, E.M.; Lemmon, A.R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526 (7574): 569–573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. doi:10.1038/nature15697. PMID 26444237.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "IOC World Bird List Version 14.1". International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
"Bucerotiformes". tolweb.org. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G. P. (2003): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960). J. Avian Biol.34(2): 185–197. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x PDF fulltext
Mayr, Gerald & Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2000): Rollers (Aves: Coraciiformes. s.s.) from the Middle Eocene of Messel (Germany) and the Upper Eocene of the Quercy (France). J. Vertebr. Paleontol.20(3): 533–546. DOI:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0533:RACSSF]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext
Terres, John K. (1980) The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. ISBN0-394-46651-9
External links
Order Coraciiformes - Biodiversity Overview: Untamed Science
The Coraciiformes k ɒ r e ˈ s aɪ ɪ f ɔːr m iː z are a group of usually colourful birds including the kingfishers the bee eaters the rollers the motmots and the todies They generally have syndactyly with three forward pointing toes and toes 3 amp 4 fused at their base though in many kingfishers one of these is missing citation needed The members of this order are linked by their slamming behaviour thrashing their prey onto surfaces to disarm or incapacitate them Coraciiformes Temporal range Middle Eocene to present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NEuropean roller Coracias garrulusScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesClade PicodynastornithesOrder Coraciiformes Forbes 1884FamiliesMeropidae Brachypteraciidae Coraciidae Todidae Momotidae Alcedinidae For prehistoric taxa see text Global distribution of the kingfisher and allies In the past Coraciiformes encompassed all anisodactyl including syndactyl members of the Cavitaves This means that the birds currently classified in Leptosomiformes cuckoo roller and Bucerotiformes hornbills hoopoes and allies were formerly classified in Coraciiformes This is largely an Old World order with the representation in the New World limited to the dozen or so species of todies and motmots and a mere handful of the more than a hundred species of kingfishers The name Coraciiformes means raven like Specifically it comes from the Latin language corax meaning raven and Latin forma meaning form SystematicsThe phylogenetic relationships between the six families in the order Coraciiformes is shown below The cladogram is based on a large study by Richard Prum and colleagues published in 2015 The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill Pamela C Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee IOC Coraciiformes Meropidae bee eaters 31 species Brachypteraciidae ground rollers 5 species Coraciidae rollers 13 species Todidae todies 5 species Momotidae motmots 14 species Alcedinidae kingfishers 118 species Several extinct coraciiform families are only known from Paleogene fossils They probably belong to the basal group and are sometimes difficult to assign because they were even closer still to the Piciformes see also Neanis In addition there are some prehistoric genera which are likewise difficult to place into a family At least the Eocoraciidae are very basal but the Late Eocene some 35 mya form a superfamily with the extant rollers and ground rollers already Mayr amp Mourer Chauvire 2000 A few prehistoric taxa of the present day families have been described see the family articles for details Taxonomic sequenceProtornis a fossil coraciiform from the Oligocene of SwitzerlandUnresolved Genus fossil Middle Eocene of Messel Germany alcediniform basal Genus fossil Late Eocene of France bucerotid geranopterid Family fossil including Primobucco and Septencoracias Coraciiformes gen et spp indet PQ 1216 QU 15640 fossil Late Eocene of Quercy France Mayr amp Mourer Chauvire 2000 Genus Protornis fossil Oligocene of Switzerland basal to motmotids and meropids A recent study suggest that the following families may belong to a separate order called Bucerotiformes The results still in dispute though Family Bucorvidae ground hornbills Family Bucerotidae hornbills Family Upupidae hoopoe Family Phoeniculidae woodhoopoes The Leptosomidae cuckoo roller probably do not belong here The trogons are sometimes placed here as a family Trogonidae The Late Eocene are sometimes also placed in the Coraciiformes as are the Early to Middle Eocene and the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene The Primobucconidae at least indeed seem to belong here Basal group Family Eocoraciidae fossil Middle Eocene of Messel Germany Family fossil Late Eocene of Quercy France Early Miocene of Czech Republic includes Nupharanassa bohemica Family Coraciidae rollers Family Brachypteraciidae ground rollers Family Meropidae bee eaters Suborder Alcedines Family Todidae todies Family Momotidae motmots Family Alcedinidae kingfishers See alsoList of Coraciiformes by populationReferences Coraciiformes Britannica Retrieved 13 September 2022 Clements J F Schulenberg T S Iliff M J Roberson D Fredericks T A Sullivan B L Wood C L 2014 The eBird Clements checklist of birds of the world Version 6 9 Archived from the original on December 17 2014 Terres John K 1980 The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds 1st ed New York A A Knopf p 104 ISBN 0 394 46651 9 Prum R O Berv J S Dornburg A Field D J Townsend J P Lemmon E M Lemmon A R 2015 A comprehensive phylogeny of birds Aves using targeted next generation DNA sequencing Nature 526 7574 569 573 Bibcode 2015Natur 526 569P doi 10 1038 nature15697 PMID 26444237 Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds December 2023 IOC World Bird List Version 14 1 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 17 June 2024 Bucerotiformes tolweb org Retrieved 31 March 2018 Johansson Ulf S amp Ericson Per G P 2003 Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960 J Avian Biol 34 2 185 197 doi 10 1034 j 1600 048X 2003 03103 x PDF fulltext Mayr Gerald amp Mourer Chauvire Cecile 2000 Rollers Aves Coraciiformes s s from the Middle Eocene of Messel Germany and the Upper Eocene of the Quercy France J Vertebr Paleontol 20 3 533 546 DOI 10 1671 0272 4634 2000 020 0533 RACSSF 2 0 CO 2 PDF fulltext Terres John K 1980 The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds ISBN 0 394 46651 9External linksOrder Coraciiformes Biodiversity Overview Untamed Science Tree of Life Coraciiformes
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