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Ranunculus r æ ˈ n ʌ ŋ k j ʊ l ə s is a large genus of about 1750 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculacea

Ranunculus

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Ranunculus
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Ranunculus /ræˈnʌŋkjʊləs/ is a large genus of about 1750 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus are known as buttercups, spearworts and water crowfoots.

Ranunculus
Temporal range: Late Eocene–present
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
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Pg
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image
Eschscholtz's buttercup (Ranunculus eschscholtzii)
Scientific classification image
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily: Ranunculoideae
Tribe: Ranunculeae
Genus: Ranunculus
L.
Diversity
About 1,700 species
Synonyms
  • Aphanostemma A.St.-Hil.
  • Batrachium (DC.) Gray
  • Beckwithia Jeps.
  • Ceratocephala Moench.
  • Glossophyllum Fourr.
  • Kumlienia Greene
  • Laccopetalum Ulbr.
  • Myosurus L.

The genus is distributed worldwide, primarily in temperate and montane regions. The familiar and widespread buttercup of gardens throughout Northern Europe (and introduced elsewhere) is the creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens, which has extremely tough and tenacious roots. Two other species are also widespread, the bulbous buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus and the much taller meadow buttercup Ranunculus acris. In ornamental gardens, all three are often regarded as weeds.

Buttercups usually flower in the spring, but flowers may be found throughout the summer, especially where the plants are growing as opportunistic colonizers, as in the case of garden weeds.

The water crowfoots (Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium), which grow in still or running water, are sometimes treated in a separate genus Batrachium (from Greek βάτραχος bátrakhos, "frog"). They have two different leaf types, thread-like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves. In some species, such as R. aquatilis, a third, intermediate leaf type occurs.

Ranunculus species are used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Hebrew character and small angle shades. Some species are popular ornamental flowers in horticulture, with many cultivars selected for large and brightly coloured flowers.

Distribution

Buttercups are found in both hemispheres on all continents aside from Antarctica, and are primarily found in temperate or montane habitats. They likely originated in northern Eurasia during the late Eocene or Oligocene and rapidly radiated up to the present, dispersing worldwide. Fossil evidence suggests that despite no longer occurring there, they inhabited Antarctica up to the mid-late Pliocene, even while glaciations were rapidly altering the landscape.

Fossil record

Ranunculus gailensis and Ranunculus tanaiticus seed fossils have been described from the Pliocene Borsoni Formation in the Rhön Mountains, central Germany.Achenes labelled Ranunculus cf. tachiroei is known from the Pliocene of the Hengduan Mountains of China. Indeterminate achenes have been found from Neogene strata from the Meyer Desert Formation biota in the Transantarctic Mountains, which appear to have inhabited a periglacial environment. The oldest potential fossil is from the Late Eocene (initially identified as Miocene) Florissant Formation of Colorado, identified by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1922.

Description

image
Flower of Ranunculus glaberrimus

Plant

Buttercups are mostly perennial, but occasionally annual or biennial, herbaceous, aquatic or terrestrial plants, often with leaves in a rosette at the base of the stem. In many perennial species runners are sent out that will develop new plants with roots and rosettes at the distanced nodes.[citation needed]

The leaves lack stipules, have petioles, are palmately veined, entire, more or less deeply incised, or compound, and leaflets or leaf segments may be very fine and linear in aquatic species.[citation needed]

Flowers

The hermaphrodite flowers are single or in a cyme, have usually five (but occasionally as few as three or as many as seven) sepals and usually, five yellow, greenish or white petals that are sometimes flushed with red, purple or pink (but the petals may be absent or have a different, sometimes much higher number).

At the base of each petal is usually one nectary gland that is naked or may be covered by a scale. Anthers may be few, but often many are arranged in a spiral, are yellow or sometimes white, and with yellow pollen. The sometimes few but mostly many green or yellow carpels are not fused and are also arranged in a spiral, mostly on a globe or dome-shaped receptacle.

Reflective petals

The petals of buttercups are often highly lustrous, especially in yellow species, owing to a special coloration mechanism: the petal's upper surface is very smooth causing a mirror-like reflection. The flash aids in attracting pollinating insects and temperature regulation of the flower's reproductive organs. The reflective quality of the buttercup’s petals is mentioned in British folklore; if one holds a buttercup underneath their chin, the light reflecting onto the chin indicates that they like butter.

  • image
    Glacier buttercup Ranunculus glacialis
  • image
    Sagebrush buttercup (Ranunculus glaberrimus)
  • image
    Creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens)
  • image
    Ranunculus asiaticus, a cultivated form

Fruit

image
Seed head of Ranunculus showing developing achenes.
image
Infrutescence of Ranunculus arvensis

The fruits (in this case called achenes) may be smooth or hairy, winged, nobby or have hooked spines.

Naming

The genus name Ranunculus is Late Latin for "little frog", the diminutive of rana. This probably refers to many species being found near water, like frogs.

The common name buttercup may derive from a false belief that the plants give butter its characteristic yellow hue[citation needed] (in fact it is poisonous to cows and other livestock). A popular children's game involves holding a buttercup up to the chin; a yellow reflection is supposed to indicate a fondness for butter. In ancient Rome, a species of buttercup was held to the skin by slaves attempting to remove forehead tattoos made by their owners.: 106 

In the interior of the Pacific Northwest of the United States, the buttercup is called "Coyote's eyes"—ʔiceyéeyenm sílu in Nez Perce and spilyaynmí áčaš in Sahaptin. In the legend, Coyote was tossing his eyes up in the air and catching them again when Eagle snatched them. Unable to see, Coyote made eyes from the buttercup.[citation needed]

Splitting of the genus

Molecular investigation of the genus has revealed that Ranunculus is not monophyletic with respect to a number of other recognized genera in the family—e.g. Ceratocephala, Halerpestes, Hamadryas, Laccopetalum, Myosurus, Oxygraphis, Paroxygraphis and Trautvetteria. A proposal to split Ranunculus into several genera has thus been published in a 2010 classification for the tribe Ranunculeae. The split (and often re-recognized) genera include Arcteranthis Greene, Beckwithia Jeps., Callianthemoides Tamura, (Prantl) Beurl. ex Rydb., Cyrtorhyncha Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray, Ficaria Guett., Krapfia DC., Kumlienia E. Greene and Peltocalathos Tamura. Not all taxonomists and users accept this splitting of the genus, and it can alternatively be treated in the broad sense.

Pharmacological activity

The most common uses of Ranunculus species in traditional medicines are as an antirheumatic, as a rubefacient, and to treat intermittent fever. The findings in some Ranunculus species of, for example, protoanemonin, anemonin, may justify the uses of these species against fever, rheumatism and rubefacient in Asian traditional medicines.

Toxicity

All Ranunculus (buttercup) species are poisonous when eaten fresh, but their acrid taste and the blistering of the mouth caused by their poison means they are usually left uneaten. Poisoning in livestock can occur where buttercups are abundant in overgrazed fields where little other edible plant growth is left, and the animals eat them out of desperation. Symptoms of poisoning include bloody diarrhea, excessive salivation, colic, and severe blistering of the mouth, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract. When Ranunculus plants are handled, naturally occurring ranunculin is broken down to form protoanemonin, which is known to cause contact dermatitis in humans and care should therefore be exercised in extensive handling of the plants. The toxins are degraded by drying, so hay containing dried buttercups is safe.

Species

References

Notes

  1. "Ranunculus L., Sp. Pl. : 548 (1753)". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  2. "Ranunculus L." World Flora Online. World Flora Online Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  3. Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
  4. Emadzade, Khatere; Gehrke, Berit; Peter Linder, H.; Hörandl, Elvira (2011). "The biogeographical history of the cosmopolitan genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae) in the temperate to meridional zones". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (1): 4–21. Bibcode:2011MolPE..58....4E. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.002. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21078403.
  5. "Ranunculales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  6. Ashworth, A; Cantrill, D (2004-10-07). "Neogene vegetation of the Meyer Desert Formation (Sirius Group) Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 213 (1–2): 65–82. Bibcode:2004PPP...213...65A. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(04)00359-1.
  7. Mai, Dieter Hans (2007). "The floral change in the tertiary of the Rhön mountains (Germany)". Acta Paleobotanica. 47 (1): 135–143.
  8. Huang, Yong-Jiang; Zhu, Hai; Su, Tao; Spicer, Robert A.; Hu, Jin-Jin; Jia, Lin-Bo; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (September 2022). "Rise of herbaceous diversity at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: First insight from fossils". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 60 (5): 1109–1123. Bibcode:2022JSyEv..60.1109H. doi:10.1111/jse.12755. ISSN 1674-4918. S2CID 235550327.
  9. Cockerell, T. D. A. (1922). "A Fossil Buttercup". Nature. 109 (2724): 42–43. Bibcode:1922Natur.109...42C. doi:10.1038/109042b0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  10. Van der Kooi, Casper; Elzenga, Theo; Dijksterhuis, Jan; Stavenga, Doekele (2017). "Functional optics of glossy buttercup flowers". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 14 (127): 20160933. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0933. PMC 5332578. PMID 28228540.
  11. "Buttercups focus light to heat their flowers and attract insects". New Scientist. 25 February 2017.
  12. Simons, Paul (2017-05-14). "Secrets of the shiny yellow buttercup". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-05-24.
  13. Scorah, Eleanor (2018-06-10). "#188: The Buttercup". Objects. Retrieved 2025-05-24.
  14. "Why buttercups reflect yellow on chins | University of Cambridge". www.cam.ac.uk. 2011-12-14. Retrieved 2025-05-24.
  15. Lehnebach, C.A. (2008), Phylogenetic Affinities, Species Delimitation and Adaptive Radiation of New Zealand Ranunculus, Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University, retrieved 2024-06-26
  16. Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "rānuncŭlus". A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library.
  17. Edsall, Marian S. (1985). Roadside Plants and Flowers: A Traveler's Guide to the Midwest and Great Lakes Area: With a Few Familiar Off-Road Wildflowers. North Coast Books. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299097048.
  18. Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A corpus of inscriptions: Representing slave marks in antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55: 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689.
  19. Aoki, Haruo (1994). Nez Perce dictionary. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 641, 1007. ISBN 9780520097636.
  20. Rude, Noel (2014). Umatilla dictionary. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 54, 275. ISBN 9780295994284.
  21. Emadzade, K.; Lehnebach, C.; Lockhart, P.; Hörandl, E. (2010). "A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae)". Taxon. 59 (3): 809–828. Bibcode:2010Taxon..59..809E. doi:10.1002/tax.593011.
  22. Aslam, M.S.; Choudhari, B.S.; Uzair, M.; Ijaz, A.S. (2012). "The genus Ranunculus: A phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review". International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4 (5): 15–22.
  23. "Ranunculus". Botanical Dermatology Database. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  24. Bateman, Stephanie (May 25, 2021). "Are buttercups poisonous to horses? We ask the experts..." Horse & Hound. Retrieved March 24, 2022.

General sources

  • "GRIN Species Records of Ranunculus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area. Retrieved 8 January 2008.

External links

image
Wikispecies has information related to Ranunculus.
image
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ranunculus.
  • "Ranunculus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
  • Jepson Manual treatment
  • All about the Ranunculus Archived 2016-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
  • The Ranunculus home page
  • The Flower (Ranunculus) Fields of Carlsbad, CA

Author: www.NiNa.Az

Publication date: May 25, 2025 / 07:57

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Ranunculus r ae ˈ n ʌ ŋ k j ʊ l e s is a large genus of about 1750 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae Members of the genus are known as buttercups spearworts and water crowfoots Ranunculus Temporal range Late Eocene present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NEschscholtz s buttercup Ranunculus eschscholtzii Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder RanunculalesFamily RanunculaceaeSubfamily RanunculoideaeTribe RanunculeaeGenus Ranunculus L DiversityAbout 1 700 speciesSynonymsAphanostemma A St Hil Batrachium DC Gray Beckwithia Jeps Ceratocephala Moench Glossophyllum Fourr Kumlienia Greene Laccopetalum Ulbr Myosurus L The genus is distributed worldwide primarily in temperate and montane regions The familiar and widespread buttercup of gardens throughout Northern Europe and introduced elsewhere is the creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens which has extremely tough and tenacious roots Two other species are also widespread the bulbous buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus and the much taller meadow buttercup Ranunculus acris In ornamental gardens all three are often regarded as weeds Buttercups usually flower in the spring but flowers may be found throughout the summer especially where the plants are growing as opportunistic colonizers as in the case of garden weeds The water crowfoots Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium which grow in still or running water are sometimes treated in a separate genus Batrachium from Greek batraxos batrakhos frog They have two different leaf types thread like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves In some species such as R aquatilis a third intermediate leaf type occurs Ranunculus species are used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Hebrew character and small angle shades Some species are popular ornamental flowers in horticulture with many cultivars selected for large and brightly coloured flowers DistributionButtercups are found in both hemispheres on all continents aside from Antarctica and are primarily found in temperate or montane habitats They likely originated in northern Eurasia during the late Eocene or Oligocene and rapidly radiated up to the present dispersing worldwide Fossil evidence suggests that despite no longer occurring there they inhabited Antarctica up to the mid late Pliocene even while glaciations were rapidly altering the landscape Fossil record Ranunculus gailensis and Ranunculus tanaiticus seed fossils have been described from the Pliocene Borsoni Formation in the Rhon Mountains central Germany Achenes labelled Ranunculus cf tachiroei is known from the Pliocene of the Hengduan Mountains of China Indeterminate achenes have been found from Neogene strata from the Meyer Desert Formation biota in the Transantarctic Mountains which appear to have inhabited a periglacial environment The oldest potential fossil is from the Late Eocene initially identified as Miocene Florissant Formation of Colorado identified by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1922 DescriptionFlower of Ranunculus glaberrimusPlant Buttercups are mostly perennial but occasionally annual or biennial herbaceous aquatic or terrestrial plants often with leaves in a rosette at the base of the stem In many perennial species runners are sent out that will develop new plants with roots and rosettes at the distanced nodes citation needed The leaves lack stipules have petioles are palmately veined entire more or less deeply incised or compound and leaflets or leaf segments may be very fine and linear in aquatic species citation needed Flowers The hermaphrodite flowers are single or in a cyme have usually five but occasionally as few as three or as many as seven sepals and usually five yellow greenish or white petals that are sometimes flushed with red purple or pink but the petals may be absent or have a different sometimes much higher number At the base of each petal is usually one nectary gland that is naked or may be covered by a scale Anthers may be few but often many are arranged in a spiral are yellow or sometimes white and with yellow pollen The sometimes few but mostly many green or yellow carpels are not fused and are also arranged in a spiral mostly on a globe or dome shaped receptacle Reflective petals The petals of buttercups are often highly lustrous especially in yellow species owing to a special coloration mechanism the petal s upper surface is very smooth causing a mirror like reflection The flash aids in attracting pollinating insects and temperature regulation of the flower s reproductive organs The reflective quality of the buttercup s petals is mentioned in British folklore if one holds a buttercup underneath their chin the light reflecting onto the chin indicates that they like butter Glacier buttercup Ranunculus glacialis Sagebrush buttercup Ranunculus glaberrimus Creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens Ranunculus asiaticus a cultivated formFruit Seed head of Ranunculus showing developing achenes Infrutescence of Ranunculus arvensis The fruits in this case called achenes may be smooth or hairy winged nobby or have hooked spines NamingThe genus name Ranunculus is Late Latin for little frog the diminutive of rana This probably refers to many species being found near water like frogs The common name buttercup may derive from a false belief that the plants give butter its characteristic yellow hue citation needed in fact it is poisonous to cows and other livestock A popular children s game involves holding a buttercup up to the chin a yellow reflection is supposed to indicate a fondness for butter In ancient Rome a species of buttercup was held to the skin by slaves attempting to remove forehead tattoos made by their owners 106 In the interior of the Pacific Northwest of the United States the buttercup is called Coyote s eyes ʔiceyeeyenm silu in Nez Perce and spilyaynmi acas in Sahaptin In the legend Coyote was tossing his eyes up in the air and catching them again when Eagle snatched them Unable to see Coyote made eyes from the buttercup citation needed Splitting of the genusMolecular investigation of the genus has revealed that Ranunculus is not monophyletic with respect to a number of other recognized genera in the family e g Ceratocephala Halerpestes Hamadryas Laccopetalum Myosurus Oxygraphis Paroxygraphis and Trautvetteria A proposal to split Ranunculus into several genera has thus been published in a 2010 classification for the tribe Ranunculeae The split and often re recognized genera include Arcteranthis Greene Beckwithia Jeps Callianthemoides Tamura Prantl Beurl ex Rydb Cyrtorhyncha Nutt ex Torr amp A Gray Ficaria Guett Krapfia DC Kumlienia E Greene and Peltocalathos Tamura Not all taxonomists and users accept this splitting of the genus and it can alternatively be treated in the broad sense Pharmacological activityThe most common uses of Ranunculus species in traditional medicines are as an antirheumatic as a rubefacient and to treat intermittent fever The findings in some Ranunculus species of for example protoanemonin anemonin may justify the uses of these species against fever rheumatism and rubefacient in Asian traditional medicines ToxicityAll Ranunculus buttercup species are poisonous when eaten fresh but their acrid taste and the blistering of the mouth caused by their poison means they are usually left uneaten Poisoning in livestock can occur where buttercups are abundant in overgrazed fields where little other edible plant growth is left and the animals eat them out of desperation Symptoms of poisoning include bloody diarrhea excessive salivation colic and severe blistering of the mouth mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract When Ranunculus plants are handled naturally occurring ranunculin is broken down to form protoanemonin which is known to cause contact dermatitis in humans and care should therefore be exercised in extensive handling of the plants The toxins are degraded by drying so hay containing dried buttercups is safe SpeciesReferencesNotes Ranunculus L Sp Pl 548 1753 Plants of the World Online Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2022 Retrieved 6 November 2022 Ranunculus L World Flora Online World Flora Online Consortium 2022 Retrieved 6 November 2022 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 pp 606 607 Emadzade Khatere Gehrke Berit Peter Linder H Horandl Elvira 2011 The biogeographical history of the cosmopolitan genus Ranunculus L Ranunculaceae in the temperate to meridional zones Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58 1 4 21 Bibcode 2011MolPE 58 4E doi 10 1016 j ympev 2010 11 002 ISSN 1055 7903 PMID 21078403 Ranunculales www mobot org Retrieved 2024 03 26 Ashworth A Cantrill D 2004 10 07 Neogene vegetation of the Meyer Desert Formation Sirius Group Transantarctic Mountains Antarctica Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 213 1 2 65 82 Bibcode 2004PPP 213 65A doi 10 1016 S0031 0182 04 00359 1 Mai Dieter Hans 2007 The floral change in the tertiary of the Rhon mountains Germany Acta Paleobotanica 47 1 135 143 Huang Yong Jiang Zhu Hai Su Tao Spicer Robert A Hu Jin Jin Jia Lin Bo Zhou Zhe Kun September 2022 Rise of herbaceous diversity at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau First insight from fossils Journal of Systematics and Evolution 60 5 1109 1123 Bibcode 2022JSyEv 60 1109H doi 10 1111 jse 12755 ISSN 1674 4918 S2CID 235550327 Cockerell T D A 1922 A Fossil Buttercup Nature 109 2724 42 43 Bibcode 1922Natur 109 42C doi 10 1038 109042b0 ISSN 1476 4687 Van der Kooi Casper Elzenga Theo Dijksterhuis Jan Stavenga Doekele 2017 Functional optics of glossy buttercup flowers Journal of the Royal Society Interface 14 127 20160933 doi 10 1098 rsif 2016 0933 PMC 5332578 PMID 28228540 Buttercups focus light to heat their flowers and attract insects New Scientist 25 February 2017 Simons Paul 2017 05 14 Secrets of the shiny yellow buttercup The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2025 05 24 Scorah Eleanor 2018 06 10 188 The Buttercup Objects Retrieved 2025 05 24 Why buttercups reflect yellow on chins University of Cambridge www cam ac uk 2011 12 14 Retrieved 2025 05 24 Lehnebach C A 2008 Phylogenetic Affinities Species Delimitation and Adaptive Radiation of New ZealandRanunculus Palmerston North New Zealand Massey University retrieved 2024 06 26 Lewis Charlton T Short Charles 1879 ranuncŭlus A Latin Dictionary Perseus Digital Library Edsall Marian S 1985 Roadside Plants and Flowers A Traveler s Guide to the Midwest and Great Lakes Area With a Few Familiar Off Road Wildflowers North Coast Books University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0299097048 Kamen Deborah 2010 A corpus of inscriptions Representing slave marks in antiquity Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 55 95 110 ISSN 0065 6801 JSTOR 41419689 Aoki Haruo 1994 Nez Perce dictionary Berkeley CA University of California Press pp 641 1007 ISBN 9780520097636 Rude Noel 2014 Umatilla dictionary Seattle WA University of Washington Press pp 54 275 ISBN 9780295994284 Emadzade K Lehnebach C Lockhart P Horandl E 2010 A molecular phylogeny morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae Ranunculaceae Taxon 59 3 809 828 Bibcode 2010Taxon 59 809E doi 10 1002 tax 593011 Aslam M S Choudhari B S Uzair M Ijaz A S 2012 The genus Ranunculus A phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4 5 15 22 Ranunculus Botanical Dermatology Database Retrieved October 18 2013 Bateman Stephanie May 25 2021 Are buttercups poisonous to horses We ask the experts Horse amp Hound Retrieved March 24 2022 General sources GRIN Species Records of Ranunculus Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Area Retrieved 8 January 2008 External linksWikispecies has information related to Ranunculus Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ranunculus Ranunculus Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 22 11th ed 1911 Jepson Manual treatment All about the Ranunculus Archived 2016 02 16 at the Wayback Machine The Ranunculus home page The Flower Ranunculus Fields of Carlsbad CA

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